Under the impact of war: what to do with destruction waste in communities?

What is the problem?

As of February 2023, the amount of destruction waste in Ukraine due to the military aggression of the Russian Federation has already amounted to about 10 to 12 million tons, and this number is growing. In particular, as of the beginning of July 2023, the amount of waste from destroyed Russian equipment amounted to 527,000 tons.

What is the solution?

Waste from demolitions must be collected so as not to harm the environment or minimize this impact. In particular, part of this waste can be immediately sorted and sent for processing. But, since a certain volume of these wastes can be dangerous, it must be done following the rules recorded in various regulatory documents.

To simplify the search for the necessary information by the owners of destroyed and damaged objects and those responsible for handling such waste, the U-LEAD with Europe Program experts have compiled an algorithm for handling waste from destruction.

The village of Hostomel near Kyiv suffered 40% destruction due to Russia's aggression: 4,553 buildings out of 11,874 were damaged to varying degrees, and 905 of them were completely destroyed or severely damaged. Accordingly, the amount of waste from the destruction was massive.

"There was waste all over the Hostomel community: household and construction," says Tetyana Bilan, then head of the utility company Hostomel Housing and Communal Administration (HHCA). "We had a contract for the removal of household waste to the Borodyanka landfill, and at first, we probably took three to four cars of construction waste to ECO.SERVICE LLC, and then we realized it would be too expensive. I started looking for sites for such garbage."

The solution was mutually beneficial for the owners of land plots, which had many pits and ravines. "We concluded contracts with the owners of such land plots for the free removal of this construction waste. It went to the people as a soil sprinkle," explains Bilan.

How was it organized? Volunteers who were in Hostomel at that time took the waste from the destruction to one designated place. The employees of the Hostomel Housing and Communal Administration — there were 12 of them immediately after the liberation of the Kyiv region, and later, 20 sorted this waste: construction waste and household waste — separately.

The Hostomel community had to pay only for the fuel and lubricants used on the road, and the service itself was free of charge.

"I suggested to the management that they also install a crusher so that it would be possible to grind that garbage and fill in the damaged streets. 75 kW of electricity was needed for it to start. Apparently, similar equipment is currently being used by a French company that is renovating part of residential buildings in Hostomel," says Bilan. By the way, Rubryka reported about this reconstruction experience using waste from the destruction.

Unfortunately, Bilan did not find agreement with the management, her contract was not renewed, and the waste from the destruction is now being removed from the community under multi-million contracts. Bilan currently works as the head of the housing and communal services department of Buchaservice communal enterprise. In the Buchanska community, which was also badly affected by the actions of the occupiers, the removal of waste from the destruction is well established, says Bilan. Residents of the community also receive help with this. After all, a certain part of the people did not return to Bucha immediately after the liberation, and sometimes, people are still sorting through the rubble in their yards.

At the same time, as a resident of the no less mutilated Moschun, Bilan complains that no such works are currently being carried out in the village. "The village was on the first line of defense, but now it seems that everyone has forgotten about it," Bilan complains.

What do regulatory documents say about the procedure for handling such waste? Who is responsible for this?

Waste generated:

• as a result of damage (destruction) of objects and/or
• as a result of dismantling damaged (ruined) objects, namely:
• if they are partially or completely disassembled into separate elements and products in a controlled step-by-step manner

• or uncontrolled demolition has occurred.

The main components of such waste are parts of building structures, fillings of door and window blocks, engineering networks, and sanitary and technical devices.

Associated components of waste from destruction are equipment, personal belongings, furniture, household appliances, and organic substances, that is, what was inside or next to the object at the time of the strike.

There are two possible answers here. The first is the owner or manager of the damaged object or the owner or user of the land plot within which the waste from the destruction is placed. The second is an authorized body. These can be:

• executive bodies of village, settlement, city councils,
• military administrations.

In addition, it is the authorized body that must take care of the waste in other places — if it is not possible to establish the owner of the waste.

If the owner of the site with demolition waste cannot handle the waste for technical or economic reasons, they can also apply to the relevant authority. By the way, this body should, if possible, collect, pre-sort, and separate hazardous waste.

First of all — and this is the very first rule — you can perform any work only if there is no threat of an emergency collapse of the object as a whole or its parts. If there is no such threat, then the authorized body in the community should organize and coordinate some measures.

First of all, the authorized body organizes and coordinates preparatory measures. Among them are:

• examination of damaged objects,
• identification and accounting of waste from destruction,
• determination of places for storage of waste from destruction,
• approval of the list of objects requiring dismantling,
• preparation of necessary documentation,
• primary dismantling work so that emergency and other special forces can carry out emergency rescue and other emergency work.

Next, the authorized body organizes and coordinates the clearing of the territory. That is, it collects waste from demolitions, sorts or separately collects waste immediately on site (if possible), and transports waste to waste management facilities or temporary storage sites.

На території, що зазнала руйнувань, треба

In the territory that was destroyed, it is necessary to

• collect waste from destruction,
• moreover, if possible, collect it separately (by components) or sort it on the spot
• Dismantle damaged or destroyed objects: completely or partially.

When planning the dismantling of the object, the community should strive to: 

• save as much as possible all structures and materials that can be used in the future,
• recycle or dispose of dismantling waste as much as possible,
• do not harm the environment during dismantling,
• do not create a hazard when handling waste.

• Remove (separate) components that may contain hazardous waste (in particular, asbestos-containing waste, for example, slate),
• disconnect the facility from utility networks.

During disassembly:

• to minimize the danger to human health and the environment, in particular, related to possible emissions of asbestos dust,
• if possible, ensure the sorting of waste from destruction.

Work should be stopped immediately if found:

• dangerous objects,
• explosive devices,
• the remains of the dead,
• the smell of gas or other characteristic smells,
• power failure,
• and also if in connection with this, the health of the employees worsened.

Territorial bodies of the State Emergency Service and law enforcement agencies must be immediately informed.

Kyiv military (Kyiv city) and regional military (state) administrations make decisions on creating sites for temporary storage of such waste.

The territory for the temporary storage of waste from the destruction must be placed by:

• two kilometers from the water fund facilities;
• 0.5 kilometers from residential and public buildings, social infrastructure facilities;
• 0.2 kilometers — from agricultural lands, public roads, and railway tracks of the general network;
• 0.05 kilometers from the forests.

The site where the demolition waste will be stored must have a solid and level base or cover. It can be concrete, asphalt, or compacted soil covered with a layer of geomembrane at least 1.5 millimeters thick, protected from mechanical damage by a layer at least 0.5 meters thick.

At the same time, waste storage must have an entrance and access roads that ensure the unhindered passage of vehicles. In addition, free passage for fire and other special equipment must be ensured (if combustible waste is stored there).

In addition, the calculated volume of water for external fire extinguishing should be provided in such a place (if combustible waste is stored here).

If necessary, you should arrange:

• organized removal of water formed as a result of atmospheric precipitation;
• perimeter fencing;
• territory lighting.

1) Waste from destruction is stored here during the period of martial law and one year from the date of termination or cancellation of martial law.

2) Only the main components of demolition waste that do not contain and/or are not contaminated with hazardous waste are processed here.

How exactly are the main components of demolition waste processed:

1) separate waste components,

2) crush them,

3) fractionate.

The authorized body collects information from the territories affected by destruction, places of temporary storage of waste from destruction, and objects of waste management from destruction and publishes it on its official website.

The authorized body submits collected information on the identification and accounting of demolition waste to the Kyiv military (Kyiv city) or regional military (state) administrations no later than the 5th of each month.

For their part, the specified administrations submit summarized information on waste from destruction every month no later than the 10th of the month to the Ministry of Reconstruction.

Unfortunately, Ukrainian communities are destroyed every day by Russian attacks. Dealing with waste from these destructions is a new daily challenge for many. That is why it is important to remember all these rules and apply them in practice — because waste management also affects the future of the community, its safety, and the health of its residents.

Photos used: Mykola Tymchenko, Rubryka, Depositphotos